Pathogenesis And Treatment Of Breast Cancer - 1235 Words

Pathogenesis It is known that cancer, in general, is a group of diseases that is characterized by the out-of-control growth and spread of a group of abnormal cells, which can often times result in death. More specifically, breast cancer is a hormonally dependent disease, which causes malignancy in the epithelial cells of the ducts and/or lobules of the breast (Lippman, 2012). Therefore, â€Å"women without functioning ovaries, who never receive estrogen-replacement therapy, do not develop breast cancer† (Lippman, 2012). Genomic profiling has furthered research and understanding of this complex disease process by identifying further tumor subtypes and molecular alterations of the disease. (Stopeck, 2009). Based upon the specific gene†¦show more content†¦They tend to be less responsive to chemotherapy† (Lippman, 2012). The second identified subtype is Luminal B. Luminal B tumor cells are epithelial in origin, have a different gene expression pattern than that of Luminal A, and have a worse prognosis than Luminal A (Lippman, 2012). The third subtype is known as normal breast-like subtype, which express genes similar to that of normal breast epithelium and appears somewhat nonmalignant, with a prognosis similar to that of Luminal B (Lippman, 2012). The fourth subtype is known as HER2 amplified, which means that these have an increase in the HER2 gene found on chromosome 17q and often have overexpression of genes that are adjacent to the HER2 (Lippman, 2012). Before recent research and studies, the prognosis of a patient with such subtype was quite poor however, with the recent advances in therapy designed to directly target such, the clinical outcome for these patients is improving dramatically (Lippman, 2012). Lastly is the basal type. These are typically called the â€Å"triple negative† type in that they are estrogen-receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 negative tumors. They are characterized by basal/myoepithelial cells and tend to be â€Å"high-grade, and express cytokeratins 5/6 and 17 as well as vimentin, p63, CD10, and alpha-smooth muscle actin, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)† (Lippman, 2012). Patients with BRCA mutations also fall within this molecular subtype.

Epidemiology And Control Of Hiv / Aids - 1849 Words

Epidemiology and Control of HIV/AID in Nigeria Ifedolapo Aderibigbe Abstract Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) remains a major problem affecting all strata of life both in Nigeria and in other parts of the world. Nigeria which harbors a greater number of people living with HIV than some other country on the planet, next to South Africa and India. HIV/AIDS is the third driving reason for death in Nigeria. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) the first instance of HIV/AIDS was accounted for in 1986. A sentinel review directed by WHO information demonstrated that the HIV pervasiveness expanded from 1.2% in 1991 to 5.8% in 2001. After 2003 the pervasiveness declined to 4.4% in 2005 preceding somewhat expanding to 4.6% in 2008. Pattern examination of HIV pervasiveness from sentinel reconnaissance in Nigeria demonstrates that the plague has stopped and is hinting at balancing out at around 4% from 2005 to date. 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Situation Analysis/Target Market Identification Report and Collage free essay sample

09/08/2011 SITUATION ANALYSIS/ TARGET MARKET IDENTIFICATION Curtin College Ms. Desiree Jones Trimester 2, 2011 Situation Analysis/ Target Market Identification SITUATION ANALYSIS/ TARGET MARKET IDENTIFICATION 1. 0 Situation Analysis/ Current marketing Mix 1. 1 Current Product A rnott? s Tiny Teddy is a brand of sweet biscuits which has children aged between 3 – 7 years old as a primary focus market (Ryan 2002). Each biscuit is small in size and formed as a tiny bear which kids find â€Å"cute†. The benefits of buying such a product are that it has no artificial colours, flavours or preservatives (Arnott? s 2009). Plus, it has been proved that in a recommended serve of 13 biscuits, there is only less than a teaspoon of fat and less than 2 teaspoon of sugar. Being a kid? s snack, tiny teddy was supposed not to be sold at the school canteen, but since it meets the â€Å"Amber† school canteen guidelines, this product is allowed to be sold without no restrictions as it does not spoil the health of kids promptly (Choice Food For Kids 2007). As being a snack or a party time good, Arnott? s Tiny Teddy should be convenient to buy. It should be easily found on the shelves of a store as consumers will buy it on impulse or on special occasions. The package of the product is very colourful with features such as leaves, mushrooms, bees, ladybirds, 3 teddy bears – where each one represents a flavour; honey, choc chips and chocolate (Arnott? s 2009). Individual flavoured biscuits are also available if one does not want to buy the variety bag. In one big bag of Tiny Teddy there are 10 little packs of cookies. It depends on the consumer? s loyalty, if no Tiny Teddy is available at a store. But even though, it seems like parents of kids are very loyal in buying Arnott? s Tiny Teddy instead of other brands as they know the health factors that Arnott? take in consideration in manufacturing the Tiny Teddy. The packaging of the product varies on the quantity and other models available. Some are made of boxes and others of plastic (Arnott? s 2009) which makes the product convenient to be disposed as a recycling material. 1. 2 Current Pricing T inny Teddy is product that is found in a very competitive market as the Food snack mar ket has evolved since the yester- year of „boiled lolly?. Consumer needs have changed thus creating an impact on health factors mainly. The price of the product varies from store to store, which usually falls onto the range of $ (AUD) 3. 50-$ (AUD) 5. 0 (OfficeMax 2011). Being in a competitive market, an economist will definitely conclude that if the price of Tiny Teddy rises then the consumer demand of this product will decrease. But, 3 SITUATION ANALYSIS/ TARGET MARKET IDENTIFICATION there are other factors that can affect the demand of this particular good, and such are consumer loyalty, convenience of purchase and quality of the product. Actually the price of Arnott? s Tiny Teddy is between $ 3. 00- $ 5. 00 (AUD) which slightly matches the price of its competitors such as the Cadbury snack sandwich and Cadbury picnic chocolate bars (Great Aussie Food 2011). It all relies on the consumer? s willingness to pay that a purchase decision will be made. The purchase decision process of each buyer varies, thus some consumers will buy it on the basis of the price and others on the basis of quality offered, image and features. According to a research carried by the Campbell Arnott? s Asia Pacific Division showed that the Arnott? s Brand, which includes Tim Tam, Sao and Tiny Teddy, has more than 60% of the Australian Biscuit market and occupies more than 95% of the Australian Household and is currently the number one Australian biscuit manufacturer (Campbell Arnott? APC Action Plan 2010). Thus, this concludes that consumers do not buy that particular brand or its product, such as the Tiny Teddy for this situation, on the basis of price but of quality, features and company image. 1. 3 Current Distribution Being a convenience good or something purchased due to impulse, Tiny Teddy biscuits are available in supermarkets, local groceries, at the delis as well as the school canteen. Examples of supermarkets and groceries are Coles, Woolworths, IGA, Food Works, Flemings, BI-LO, Action Supermarkets and etc (Coles 2011). The product is also available at some gas stations where actually the sale of the good is seen to have a weight. Being a product loved by children most stores and supermarkets have Tiny Teddy as an item to be sold as the brand has a good image and quality is offered in buying the product, which are attributes that attract a potential buyer. Tinny Teddy is found on the middle upper to lower or upper shelves of almost all food stores. This concludes that businesses try to display the product to the maximum to their audience. 1. 4 Current Promotion A rnott? brand uses colourful, musical and fast ads to promote the Tiny Teddy biscuits. The 2009 IGA/ Arnott? s promotion consisted of buying 2 Arnott? s Tiny Teddy to enter a price withdrawal of $100, 000 (Lottos 2011). This promotion was effected so as to target parents of kids in buying the Arnott? s Tiny Teddy. Plus, the 2010 audio-visual ad was promoting the Tiny Teddy hundreds and thousands (Youtube 2010). The 4 SITUATION ANALYSIS/ TARG ET MARKET IDENTIFICATION ad consisted of a party where kids were dancing and along were dancing the 3 little tiny teddies featured on the product packaging. One character of the Tiny Teddy scattered the hundreds and thousands little snacks all over the floor while opening when it was dancing. The ad was very captive in colours, music and happy moods. The message behind this ad is that you, kids, can keep the partying or the dancing mood between your friends and you as long as there is still tiny teddy snacks because it? s sure they will love it. 2. 0 Segmentation 2. 1 Segmentation: Definition T he Australian market deals with many buyers who are different from each other. As consumer needs varies from people to people, then technically each consumer or potential consumer is an individual market (Euromonitor International, 2010). Segmentation is not carried out by marketers, but it occurs naturally on the basis of the similarity in the interest level of each individual customer. Actually marketers use segmentation as a tool in identifying each different market. Overall, the grouping of customers and potential customers into smaller and interest similarity groups for a particular marketing proposition, is called segmentation (Kotler et al. 008, 228). Segmentation can be classified into these categories; demographic segmentation, geographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and behavioural segmentation. Demographic Segmentation- It is the categorisation of a market in groups based on age, gender, family size, family-cycle stage, income and occupation (Kotler et al. 2008, 230). Geographic Segmentation- This is the division of a market into geograph ical units such as regions, states, nations, municipalities and cities. For example, fertiliser producer Ocra from Australia segmented the market for its crop-protection products into geographical units so as to better allocate the right product to the right location at the right time (Kotler et al. 2008, 230) Psychographic Segmentation- This type of segmentation helps in evaluating a market based on lifestyle, social class or personality (Market segmentation, 2011). 5 SITUATION ANALYSIS/ TARGET MARKET IDENTIFICATION Behavioural Segmentation- It is the division of a market on the basis of customer? knowledge of, attitudes towards, uses and responses for the product (Market Segmentation, 2011). 2. 2 Advantages of Segmentation to Current Product D G emographic Segmentation – As stated previously, the demographic segmentation consists of breaking up the market into groups of age, gender, family size, familycycle stage, income and occupation. This type of segmentation will enable marketers of Tinny Teddy to better understand the market that demand tha t particular product in Australia in terms of their age group, where they can illustrate a picture of exactly who to target, an such are kids and their parents. Plus, it will be easy again for marketers to know the price their target market are willing to pay simply just by categorising their market into weight of incomes. Advertisements will be easier to create as marketers will know who to target demographically. eographic segmentation – As it is noticeable that this type of segmentation is related to geographic factors, it will be an advantage to assess the geographical opportunities of the product as it will help them in selecting their target market geographically as in some countries, states or regions the buying behaviour of a market varies. This will specifically outline where the product should be sold the most or least, which means that the distribution of the product is organised and accurate which gives the company less intensive into distributing the wrong amount or the wrong product or model to the wrong region, country or state. Geographic segmentation also helps in determining the size of the targeted market, thus leading the other departments of the firm into determining the quantity of product to be manufactured and its costs and revenues. P ychographic Segmentation – The lifestyle, social class and personality of the targeted audience is determined through this type of segmentation. It is important for marketers to be aware of factors as it will help them in the categorisation of their market. Advertisements will be targeted only to those people who think that their lifestyle, personality and social class are reflected through the brand, category of products and the product itself. Knowing the lifestyl e, personality traits and social class of one? s targeted 6 SITUATION ANALYSIS/ TARGET MARKET IDENTIFICATION audience enhances the way the ad is presented and sent. It will be almost accurate for marketers to know that their promotions had had an impact on their audience. B ehavioural Segmentation – Here a market is evaluated on the basis of the customer? s knowledge of, attitudes towards, uses and responses for the product. The importance of this type of segmentation is as vital as the others as it enables the marketers of Tiny Teddy to better understand the way and frequency on which customers buy that particular good. Having knowledge of that helps them in implementing promotions or new models on occasions they know that the product would be sold. The behavioural segmentation helps also in determining potential buyers also. In evaluating the purchasing behaviour of a market enables also the firm in concluding the sales rate, customer loyalty and the lack of features or quality of the product; if sales are down then the marketers know that their ads are not having effects on the targeted market. 3. 0 Target Market Identification 3. 1 Geographic Segmentation T he variables of this type of segmentation consist of the geographic location where the product is to be sold and the characteristics the location have. The country in which the product will be manufactured and sold is Australia. This characteristic is important because, marketers will need to understand and identify the targeted market present in that country. Most of the population of Australia is found in the suburbans and urban areas and thus, the sales of the product will be higher there compared to the less dense or rural areas. As the product is designed specifically for a type of market, mainly children aged between 3-7 years old, most schools, entertainment centres, cinemas, shopping centres, parks and stores are found in the suburban and urban areas of Australia. 3. 2 Demographic Segmentation 7 SITUATION ANALYSIS/ TARGET MARKET IDENTIFICATION I n this section, marketers make an evaluation of the market on the basis of age, gender, family size, family-cycle stage, income and occupation. Tiny Teddy is sweet snack that is targeted to a specific market, children aged between 3 to 5 years old. Tiny Teddy can lso be purchased or consumed by adults as it is considered a snack for break times. Everyone, boys and girls both can consume the Tiny Teddy as there is no specific model made for a specific gender type. Being the number one biscuit manufacturer, and having Tiny Teddy as one of its best products, it is assumed that that the consumers are aware and informed about the features and attributes of the product because it is considered that the consumers are well educated. Tinny Teddy can be consumed by anyone, but it was designed for people who are aged as stated previously and who are singles, students. Tiny Teddy is convenience good thus anyone with any income can buy it. As the product come in little packs in one bag, it is easy to equally divide the snack bag if there is more than one child in a family. 3. 3 Psychographic Segmentation P sychographic segmentation as described earlier is a division, on a basis of the lifestyle, social class and personality traits, of the targeted audience. It was mentioned earlier in the first section, Current Product, Tiny Teddy are less in fat and sugar compared to other snacks of the same range. This implies that this product was designed for consumers who follow a healthy lifestyle. Plus, with the character of being a health conscious, the product and the brand also reflect that the consumer is from middle to upper class of the society who is economically stable and culturally informed. People with the interest of unification, party and outdoor activities will be keener to buy this kind of product. Being an Australian made product, believers from the VALS2 are the best fit audience to place as a target market for this particular product. â€Å"Experiencers† also fall onto this category but it depends on their brand loyalty as they favour new products. The best fit buyer will be physically and socially active. Tiny Teddy reflects the emotion to be together and always happy. 3. 4 Behavioural Segmentation T his section of the segmentation process deals with the usage of the brand, the benefits desired, user status and rate, loyalty and what is the readiness stage and overall attitude of the consumers towards the brand. Tiny Teddy was designed in 8 SITUATION ANALYSIS/ TARGET MARKET IDENTIFICATION first place as a snack, which implies that it can be used for parties, picnics and outdoor activities. It can also even be considered as a bedtime snack or school lunch box snack. Consumer seem to be very loyal to the brand and the product itself as it offers the benefits of a low fat and sugar content snack, a rather affordable price and it is convenient to be found. Plus, as it is sold in the Australian market, Arnott? s, the brand, is considered Australian made and owned (Arnott? s 2009), which concludes that Australians will support their own brand and manufacturer, which in short means they will be very loyal to that brand. 9 SITUATION ANALYSIS/ TARGET MARKET IDENTIFICATION Discussion/Rationale of the Target Market Images Chosen Table 4. Completion of Discussion/Rationale of the Target Market Images Chosen Table Column 1: SPECIFIC Characteristics of your assigned brand’s 1 primary target market that you provided in Section 3. 0 of report – NOT JUST CATEGORIES (abbreviate to fit the space below) Column 2: Image that illustrates characteristic given in Column 1 (Insert pictures below)v Column 3: Explain how the image shown in Column 2 illustra tes the SPECIFIC characteristic of your assigned brand’s 1 primary target market that you provided in Column 1. Justify your choice of the picture in Column 2. Australia Geographic Map of Australia filled with the Australian flag. Urban and Suburban areas Urban area with very tall buildings, a highway, busy roads and compact with lots of small and medium buildings. At school Kids in the canteen, with the canteen personnel serving them food. 10 SITUATION ANALYSIS/ TARGET MARKET IDENTIFICATION In the park Kids playing in the background, the green lawn of the park, trees and the little girl jumping in front of the camera. Column 1: SPECIFIC Characteristics of your assigned brand’s 1 primary target market that you provided in Section 3. 0 of report – NOT JUST CATEGORIES (abbreviate to fit the space below) Column 2: Image that illustrates characteristic given in Column 1 (Insert pictures below) v Column 3: Explain how the image shown in Column 2 illustrates the SPECIFIC characteristic of your assigned brand’s 1 primary target market that you provided in Column 1. Justify your choice of the picture in Column 2. Kids aged 3-7 years old. Demographic Little girl and boys smiling at the camera. Gender Gender symbols representing both male and female. 11 SITUATION ANALYSIS/ TARGET MARKET IDENTIFICATION Family Common family structure with the Dad, Mum, 3 kids and the dog. Educated Book, certificate and hat represents education or someone who is eductated. Column 1: SPECIFIC Characteristics of your assigned brand’s 1 primary target market that you provided in Section 3. 0 of report – NOT JUST CATEGORIES (abbreviate to fit the space below) Column 2: Image that illustrates characteristic given in Column 1 (Insert pictures below) v Column 3: Explain how the image shown in Column 2 illustrates the SPECIFIC characteristic of your assigned brand’s 1 primary target market that you provided in Column 1. Justify your choice of the picture in Column 2. Healthy Lifestyle Psychographic Fruits and vegetables arranged in such a way that it forms a heart which represents that a healthy option. 12 SITUATION ANALYSIS/ TARGET MARKET IDENTIFICATION Upper to middle societal class Man carrying bag of money represents, economical stability Socially and physically active Young girls in soccer outfit and with a soccer ball, smiling and waving hands represents being social and physical at the same time Happy/jovial Smiley smiling represents happy mood. Column 1: SPECIFIC Characteristics of your assigned brand’s 1 primary target market that you provided in Section 3. 0 of report – NOT JUST CATEGORIES (abbreviate to fit the space below) Column 2: Image that illustrates characteristic given in Column 1 (Insert pictures below) v Column 3: Explain how the image shown in Column 2 illustrates the SPECIFIC characteristic of your assigned brand’s 1 primary target market that you provided in Column 1. Justify your choice of the picture in Column 2. 13 SITUATION ANALYSIS/ TARGET MARKET IDENTIFICATION Loyalty Behavioural Dog with kid represent loyalty as dogs are considered very loyal. Affordable Piggy bank partying represents there is enough money for all. Communism People holding hands together describe unification. Positive attitude. Thumbs up means like or have a positive opinion or is the right one. 14 SITUATION ANALYSIS/ TARGET MARKET IDENTIFICATION 5. 0 Reference List Ryan, Rosemary. 2002. Arnott? s Get Lively with Tiny Teddies. BT News. Accessed August 01, http://www. bandt. com. au/news/arnott8217s-gets-lively-with-tiny-teddies Arnott? s Tiny Teddy. 2009. Arnott? s. Accessed July 20, http://www. arnotts. com. au/ourproducts/products/arnotts-tiny-teddy. aspx ARNOTT? S Tiny Teddy. 2011. What We Say. Choice Food for Kids. Accessed July 27, http://www. choicefoodforkids. com. au/review/ARNOTTS-Tiny-Teddy-Chocolate Arnott? Tiny Teddy Variety Multipack of 10. 2011. OfficeMax. Accessed July 29, http://www. officemax. com. au/office-supplies/tea-room-supplies/foodcondiments/biscuits/arnott-s-tiny-teddy-biscuits-variety-multipack-of-10. html Arnott? s Tiny Teddy. 2011. Great Aussie Food. Accessed August 01, http://www. greataussiefood. com. au/listProduct/Food/Biscuits+-+Sweet//25 Campbell Arnott? s APC Action Plan. 2010. Campbell Arnott? s Asia Pacific Division Action Plan 2010- 2015. Accessed August 4, http://www. arnotts. com. au/downloads/file/aboutus/SignedCopy-CampbellArnotts20102015APCActionPlan. pdf Coles Tiny Teddy Racing Cars. 011. Coles Online. Accessed August 3, http://blog. colesonline. com. au IGA/ARNOTTS 100 Local Heroes $100, 000 Reasons Promotion. 2010. Lottos. Accessed July 29, http://www. lottos. com. au/competitions/viewthreadlite. php? tid=221250 Tiny Teddy Hundreds and Thousands Ad. 2010. Youtube. Accessed August 5, http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=hIXDwKOWoaMfeature=related Australian Market. 2010. Euromonitor International. Accessed July 26, http://www. euromonitor. com Market Segmentation. 2011. Market Segmentation Company (UK) Limited. http:// www. marketsegmentation. com 15 SITUATION ANALYSIS/ TARGET MARKET IDENTIFICATION

Nuclear Energy Essays - Nuclear Technology, Energy Conversion

Nuclear Energy From Theory to Practice The nuclear age began in Germany, in the 1930s in the lab of chemist Otto Hahn. Hahn was attempting to produce radium (In great need during the war) by bombarding uranium atoms with neutrons. To his surprise, he ended up with a much lighter element, barium. That was 1938, This started the race for the power of the atom. Just four years later Canada entered nuclear age in cooperation with the british. Wartime, 1942: The British wanted a safe place to conduct nuclear experiments; Since their country feared invasion by the nazi's or bombing attacks, Canada provided the haven the british needed in return for a opportunity to work in the project. The leader of the team that crossed the atlantic to Canada was Hans von Halban, who along with Dr. Lew Kowarski had escaped from the Institute Du Radium in Paris one step ahead of the invading german army. They took the world supply of 200 Kg of heavy water with them to Canada. Having pioneered the chain reaction using uranium and heavy water, the scientists applied their knowledge and their heavy water to the new Canadian nuclear industry. On September 5th, 1945 near Ottawa the team started up the first operating nuclear reactor outside the USA. Of course, the output was minuscule, but the significance was immense; the principal of getting energy from splitting atoms in a controlled chain reaction (fission) was established beyond doubt. It was now the job of the scientists and engineers to put it to a practical use. Nuclear Reactors A nuclear reactor is a device which produces heat. In a nuclear power station, the reactor performs the same function as a boiler in a conventional coal, gas or oil-fired station. Whether from a conventional boiler or a nuclear reactor, heat is required to turn water into steam. The steam is used to spin large turbines which in turn drive generators that produce electricity. A reactor creates heat by splitting uranium atoms. This is called 'Nuclear reaction' or 'Fission'. When the nucleus of an uranium atom is stuck by a neutron travelling at the right speed, it splits into fragments which separate rapidly and generate heat. It also gives off a few, new neutrons. In order to sustain a continuous nuclear reaction, the speed of these neutrons must be slowed down, or moderated. CANDU reactors use heavy water (Deuterium Oxide is called heavy water because it is heavier than normal water by about 10%), Thus the reactor is named CANDU, for (CAN)ada (D)euterium (U)ranium. During Fission (the process used in nuclear reactors) some of the atom breaks up, and energy is released. On average, 80% of the released energy is carried off by the fragments in the form of kinetic energy. The other 20% is collected by the heavy water in the form of heat. The core of a CANDU reactor The core of a reactor is contained in a large cylindrical tank called the 'Calandria'. The calandria contains a series of tubes that run from one end of the calandria to the other. Inside the calandria tubes are smaller tubes which house fuel bundles containing natural uranium in the form of ceramic pellets. Heavy water is also used as the reactor coolant and is pumped through the tubes containing the fuel pellets to pick up heat generated from the reaction. The heated, heavy water travels to heat exchangers to produce steam from ordinary water. This cooled heavy water is recycled back to the reactor. The steam is then piped to conventional turbines and generators that produce electricity. In this way the nuclear reactor is separate from the equipment used to produce electricity. Viable solutions for Energy needs Annually, the demand for energy in Ontario increases by 5%. In response to this increase, Hydro companies around Canada facing similar situations have the responsibility of meeting the increase, usually by adding to their arsenal of generators. The question which is brought up at this point is how to do this most effectively in terms of impact on the environment, cost, efficiency and several other aspects. In the case of Ontario Hydro, they have chosen to expand on the method which appears to be best: nuclear power. (Note: All of the following data on nuclear generating stations is based on information on Canada's CANDU plants.) There are four main competitors in the energy race, but only two of them are 'technically viable' Those right now are Nuclear and fossil fuels. Of the other two, Solar energy is

Boa Constrictor Facts

Boa Constrictor Facts Boa constrictors are reptiles and reside mainly in Central and South America. Their scientific name, Boa constrictor, is derived from the Greek words meaning type of snake (boa) and to grasp (constrictor). They are known for their gigantic size and for killing their prey by squeezing them to death with their muscular bodies. Fast Facts: Boa Constrictor Scientific Name: Boa constrictorCommon Names: Red tailed boa, boasOrder: SquamataBasic Animal Group: ReptilesDistinguishing Characteristics: Large, heavy-bodied, beige blotches on brown bodySize: 8-13 feet in lengthWeight: 20-100 poundsLife Span: 20-40 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Tropical forests, grasslandsConservation Status: Least concernFun Fact: Boas are excellent swimmers, but they avoid water as much as possible Description Boa constrictors are non-venomous snakes best known for their large size and for squeezing their prey to death. They can climb surfaces well, swim, and travel up to speeds of one mile per hour. These reptiles have a life span of roughly 30 years, but the oldest ones have lived to 40 years. They can grow up to 13 feet in length and weigh from 20 to 100 pounds. The colors of their skin, such as pinkish-tan with patterns of brown and red, help to camouflage them well in their environment. Habitat and Distribution Boa constrictors live in Central and South America in habitats such as tropical forests, savannas, and semi-deserts.  Boas hide in the burrows of rodents at ground level during the day to rest. They are also semi-arboreal and spend time in the trees to bask in the sun. Diet and Behavior The tail of a rat hangs from the mouth of a boa constrictor as it ingests the body of the rat.   Joe McDonald/Corbis Documentary / Getty Images Boas are carnivores, and their diet consists mainly of mice, small birds, lizards, and frogs when they are young. As they mature, they eat larger mammals, such as rodents, birds, marmosets, monkeys, opossums, bats, and even wild pigs.   At night, boas hunt using sensing pits on their face that allow them to detect their preys body heat. Because they move slowly, boas rely on ambushing their prey; for instance, they may attack bats as they sleep in trees or as they fly by. They kill by using their powerful muscles to squeeze their victims body. Scientists thought this squeezing suffocates their prey, but recent findings show that the powerful pressure from the snakes actually constricts blood flow in the animal. The pressure is so powerful that the prey’s heart is not able to overcome it and it dies within seconds. Once the animal is dead, these snakes swallow their prey whole. They have special tubes in the bottom of their mouth that allow them to breath as they eat their meal. Boa constrictors digest their food with their powerful stomach acids. After a large meal, they will not need to eat for several weeks. Since they are nocturnal and solitary creatures, boas hide in rodent burrows during the day to rest, but may spend several hours in trees basking in the sun. During colder weather, they can become almost completely inactive. Reproduction and Offspring Boa constrictors reach mating age at around 3-4 years. The breeding period for them is during the rainy season. Males slither across the female’s body to stimulate the cloaca with his vestigial legs. Females produce anywhere from 20 to 60 young. These reptiles are ovoviviparous, which means that they give birth to young that are fully formed. The female eats very little during the gestation period, which lasts roughly 100 days. When the eggs are ready to be born, they push out the cloaca and must break open the protective membrane they are still encapsulated in. At birth, the young are about 20 inches and can grow to 3 feet during the first several months of life. They can survive on their own and demonstrate natural instincts for hunting and hiding from predators. Conservation Status Boa constrictors are designated as least concern under CITES Appendix II, but they have not been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The biggest threat to boas comes from humans who harvest them for their skin as part of the leather trade. In tropical parts of the Americas, people may bring boas into their homes to manage rodent infestations. Species There are over 40 species of boas. A few examples of species are the rubber boa (Charina bottae), the rosy boa (Charina trivirgata), and the red-tailed boa (Boa constrictor constrictor). Rubber boas live in western North America. As their name suggests, these boas have rubbery skin, and they burrow into the ground. The rosy boa’s habitat ranges from California and Arizona to Mexico. The red-tailed boa is the species of boa constrictor that is most commonly used as a pet. Boa Constrictors and Humans Workers displaying yellow boa constrictor at a festival in Bowie, Maryland.   Tom Carter/Photolibrary/Getty Images Plus In the U.S., boa constrictors are often imported as pets and sometimes bred to produce more colorful snakes. While this pet trade may not pose a threat to boas, an unfortunate risk is that some owners simply release their pets into the environment because they do not realize how quickly these animals grow. This is particularly dangerous because boas can adapt well to new environments so long as the temperatures are conducive to them thriving. As a result, they can become an invasive species and pose serious threats to the new environment, which could lead to the disappearance of other indigenous species. Sources â€Å"Boa Constrictor.† Boa Constrictor, www.woburnsafari.co.uk/discover/meet-the-animals/reptiles/boa-constrictor/.â€Å"Boa Constrictor.† Kids National Geographic, 1 Mar. 2014, kids.nationalgeographic.com/animals/boa-constrictor/.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Boa Constrictor.† Smithsonians National Zoo, 28 Nov. 2018, nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/boa-constrictor.  Boa Constrictor Facts and Information. SeaWorld Parks, seaworld.org/animals/facts/reptiles/boa-constrictor/.  Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Boa.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 14 May 2019, www.britannica.com/animal/boa-snake-family.

A School Principals Recommendation Letter for a Teacher

A School Principal's Recommendation Letter for a Teacher SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips According to the State Department of Education, there were 24 applicants for every one teaching position in Connecticut last year! Teaching's a competitive field, so a stand-out letter of recommendation can go a long way. In the sample letter below, a principal recommends an art teacher applying to another school due to budget cuts. Check out what the principal has to say about this teacher, and then read on for an analysis of what this letter does well. Sample Letter #2: Written by a Principal for a Teacher Mr. Henry NicholsSchool PrincipalCityville Middle School1 School RoadCityville, NJ 08008 Dear Principal Nichols, It’s my honor and pleasure to provide this letter of recommendation for Julia as she pursues an art teaching position with Cityville Middle School. As the principal of Townston Middle School, I’ve enjoyed having Julia on the teaching team for grades 6 through 8. We’ll all miss her and her contributions to our school community. Unfortunately, budgetary restrictions have forced us to reduce the art teaching faculty, and as the most recent hire, Julia will no longer have a position with us next year. This decision in no way reflects on her skills, and I wholeheartedly endorse her candidacy as she seeks a position elsewhere. It’s my wish that she finds a school with the resources to support her talent for teaching art. Julia started her teaching career with us fresh out of graduate school two years ago. She brought with her a solid training in pedagogical methods and art history, along with great energy and enthusiasm. She introduced several new projects that are now a part of the curriculum, including a self-portrait assignment that asks students to reflect on their identities, a stop-motion animation project using clay and iPads, and a papier-mache â€Å"sled challenge† that resulted in fun races down the hill beside the school. Julia also contributed to the â€Å"3D Printer Build-a-Thon,† a weekend-long event during which students, educators, and community members came together to assemble over 20 3D printers. Julia brings exciting new ideas to life; I’m confident that she will continue her momentum with her next school. Julia also impressed me with her commitment to lifelong learning. She successfully collaborated with her mentor, took advantage of several professional development opportunities offered in the district, and took classes on digital technology and special education over the last two summers. She also went out of her way to elicit feedback from her students, inviting them to share their experiences at the end of each semester. It’s this commitment to growth and her students’ well-being that makes Julia an outstanding educator who empowers her pupils. Julia is charismatic and creative, and she thinks outside the box. She has shown excellent classroom management skills and developed a rapport with students, colleagues, and parents that is characterized by mutual respect. At the end of last year, I had a parent come to me specifically to praise Julia's teaching and the impact she's had on her son. Beyond her strengths as an art teacher, Julia’s also a talented artist and has some of her oil and acrylic paintings displayed in a nearby gallery. Julia has my highest recommendation for the position of art instructor, and I look forward to learning more about the accomplishments that lie in her professional future. If the circumstances were different, I would strive to retain Julia on our art department teaching team. Please don’t hesitate to contact me for any further information. Thank you for your time. Sincerely, Elsa SkoolsSchool PrincipalTownston Middle Schooleskools@townston.k12.edu(866) 8-5546 Will this letter convince Principal Nichols to make room for Julia and her paintbrushes? Recommendation Letter #2: The Breakdown Like the first sample, this recommendation letter represents a common relationship between letter writer and candidate. It starts out with a strong statement of support with, â€Å"It’s my honor and pleasure to provide this letter.† This statement is then quickly followed by an explanation of who the letter writer is, thereby showing why she’s qualified to recommend Julia. Principal Skools explains why Julia’s applying elsewhere and makes sure to state that she would retain her on the teaching team if the budget allowed. She goes on to describe Julia’s contributions with specific examples of projects she introduced and community events to which she contributed. The writer uses highly positive language to describe Julia, calling her creative, energetic, and committed to continuous improvement. She also touches on her personal talents as an artist. The letter’s structured to describe three main points: Julia’s accomplishments at the school, her commitment to learning and improvement, and her relationships with teachers, parents, and colleagues. In her glowing endorsement, Principal Skools gives specific examples of the achievements Julia'smade and will continue to make in her next art teaching position. What's Next? What experience do you need to become a teacher in the first place? Find out what degree you do (or don't) need to teach in this article. On to the next! Click here to read our third recommendation letter sample written by a restaurant manager for a part-time employee. Are you looking for a different type of sample letter? Head back to our original recommendation letter guide to find more samples and learn about the key features of outstanding reference letters. Want to provide a strong recommendation for your employee, but don't have the time to craft the perfect letter? PrepScholar's new recommendation tool, SimpleRec, takes you from good intentions and a blank page to a fully written and formatted letter of recommendation in under 5 minutes. All you need to do is give us some simple pieces of information about your employee and your experience working with them, and we'll do the rest. Try out SimpleRec risk-free today:

Are We Abusing Our Free-Speech Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Are We Abusing Our Free-Speech Rights - Essay Example This fundamental freedom must be continually fought for in every medium and circumstance if the nation is to remain the shining beacon of liberty for the world. The constant battle for the preservation of free speech has most recently been enjoined concerning the unabated flow of information on the internet. The Federal Communication Commission (FCC) ruled that radio and television was exempt from First Amendment protection therefore must comply with arbitrary content guidelines. Though clearly a legal matter, the FCC gave itself the power to censor the media without virtue of a court decision. Now that censorship has been accepted by the majority, the government is currently attempting to control the internet. The powers that be apparently believes the public is abusing it’s free speech rights. The American public seems to be in favor of restricting online gambling as well as material of a sexual nature but this is a generation that has grown accustomed to censorship by their government and in many cases encourages this unconstitutional practice. A disturbing trend that should end with this generation and the battle ground is cyber-space. The Internet, today’s battleground for free speech The internet itself is not regulated. As efficient and enormously informative as the web is, its content is not overseen as are other communications mediums such as television and radio. It is a groundbreaking new technology that has amalgamated societies of the country and the world and introduced the concept of truly free expression and the perception that nothing is taboo. Everything is exposed and available at everyone’s literal finger-tip. The Internet has no physical, ethical or moral boundaries. Lawmakers and legal scholars generally use legal precedents from broadcast media decisions as the model for definitions of indecency and obscenity when developing regulations governing the Internet. Governmental censorship rational The Communications Decenc y Act (CDA) of 1996 made it a federal crime to display ‘indecent material’ on any computer network unless the website owner utilizes ‘effective’ techniques to control access of that material to minors. This law appears to be a reasonable compromise that protects free speech and prevents children from accessing objectionable material, but in practice and effect, outlaws free speech from the Internet. The Internet allows everyone the freedom to connect with other people and suppliers worldwide but an economical means for individuals to restrict their art or thoughts to the eyes of children is yet to be developed. Because of this lack of security technology, across the board prohibition is justified under the law, a concept that is in itself considered unlawful by a strict definition of the First Amendment of the Constitution which unambiguously guarantees the right to free speech (Pilon, 1994). Supreme Court decisions have consistently found that the First Am endment does not apply to obscene communications and have allowed communities to establish their own restrictions regarding what is obscene. The court in Miller v. California explained that if the ‘average’ person would describe the work as obscene or if it showed or expressed patently offensive sexual conduct without ‘serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value,’ the material is correctly defined as obscene (Mason, 2000). Censoring the Internet is impractical