Typewriters Vs Computers Essay Research Paper TYPEWRITERS free essay sample

Typewriters Vs. Computers Essay, Research Paper Typewriters: AN ENDANGERED SPECIES? For good over a decennary, experts in office mechanization have predicted the death of the typewriter. In their position the computing machine is destined to tale over the word processing function enjoyed by the typewriter for over a century. Yet, a recent study ( Fernberg, 1989, 49-50 ) indicates that electronic typewriter cargos over the last three old ages averaged about a billion dollars a twelvemonth. Further, the Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers # 8217 ; Association undertakings that the one-year growing rate will stay changeless at 1.5 per centum over the following five old ages. With gross revenues keeping steady at over a million units a twelvemonth, the electronic typewriter does non look endangered. It is likely here to stay-and for good grounds. Typewriter Familiarity Virtually anyone who has learned to identify can sit down at the electronic typewriter and within a few proceedingss operate it with astonishing easiness and velocity. We will write a custom essay sample on Typewriters Vs Computers Essay Research Paper TYPEWRITERS or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Harmonizing to Paez ( 1985, 55 ) : A familiar keyboard, which requires fewer key strokes and has a simpler, less code-intensive user interface, makes the Transition to a high-end typewriter much easier than the Passage to a personal computing machine with the same maps. Typewriter Flexibility An electronic typewriter can execute some maps computing machines can non, but a personal computing machine ( Personal computer ) can non be used a mere typewriter ( nor should it be ) . Possibly that is why one big study found that 85 % of secretaries who use PC # 8217 ; s besides use typewrite R. Using microchip engineering, sophisticated electronic typewriters can execute many of the automatic maps and redacting maps of which computing machines are capable. Automatic maps. Among the characteristics of electronic typewriters are automatic focus, right border justifying, and hang-indenting/ these characteristics are available on computing machines every bit good, but some users of both sorts of equipment say that the typewriter is more â€Å"user friendly.† Editing Functions. Some electronic typewriters permit operators to backspace/delete, insert transcript, move transcript from one topographic point to another, and hunt and replace specific words or footings in a papers. Some are equipped with templets that make form fill-in easy ; others permit the meeting of information from different beginnings. All these maps are performed without rekeying paperss. Typewriter Sophistication Electronic typewriters range from low-end machines with full-page shows, floppy storage, and complete text-editing capablenesss. The monetary value scope varies with the sum of advanced characteristics included. Some machines are upgradable so that the appropriate degree of edification can be obtained without replacing machines. Audion, Mark. # 8220 ; Using Electronic Typewriters: the Basics, Plus? . # 8221 ; Today # 8217 ; s Office, July 1986, 55-64. Fernberg, Patricia M. # 8220 ; Electronic Typewriters: Understanding the Product. # 8221 ; Modern Office Technology, March 1989, 48-50. Paez, Patricia. # 8220 ; Typewriters: Technology with an Easy Touch. # 8221 ; Today # 8217 ; s Office, September 1985, 55-72.

Language Notes on the Use of Aint in English

Language Notes on the Use of Aint in English As far as I know, only one rule of English usage has ever made its way into a childrens jump-rope rhyme: Dont say aint or your mother will faint,Your father will fall in a bucket of paint,Your sister will cry, your brother will die,Your cat and dog will call the FBI. Though frequently heard in casual speech, aint has been described as the most stigmatized word in English. Dictionaries usually label it dialectal or nonstandard, while some purists even deny its right to exist, insisting that aint isnt a word. What is it about this simple negative contraction that agitates language mavens and spreads fear on the playground? As these notes demonstrate, the answer is surprisingly complex. Grammar and Usage[The] two meanings of grammarhow the language functions and how it ought to functionare easily confused. To clarify the distinction, consider the expression aint. Unless used intentionally to add colloquial flavor, aint is unacceptable because its use is considered nonstandard. Yet taken strictly as a part of speech, the term functions perfectly well as a verb. Whether it appears in a declarative sentence (I aint going) or an interrogative sentence (Aint I going?), it conforms to the normal pattern for all verbs in the English language. Although readers may not approve of its use, they cannot argue that it is ungrammatical in such sentences.(Gerald J. Alred, Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu, Handbook of Technical Writing, 10th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2012) A Brief History of AintAint has had an unusual history. Its a shortened form of several wordsam not, are not, is not, has not and have not. It appears in written English in the 18th century in various plays and novels, first as ant and then as aint. During the 19th century, it was widely used in representations of regional dialect, especially Cockney speech in the UK, and became a distinctive feature of colloquial American English. But when we look at who is using the form in 19th-century novels, such as those by Dickens and Trollope, we find that the characters are often professional and upper-class. Thats unusual: to find a form simultaneously used at both ends of the social spectrum. Even as recently as 1907, in a commentary on society called The Social Fetich, Lady Agnes Grove was defending aint I as respectable upper-class colloquial speechand condemning arent I!She was in a rapidly diminishing minority. Prescriptive grammarians had taken against aint, and it would soon become universally condemned as a leading marker of uneducated usage.(David Crystal, The Story of English in 100 Words. St. Martins Press, 2012) Collocational AintIn Present-Day English, aint is stigmatized even though linguistically it is formed by the same rule speakers use to form arent and other nonstigmatized contracted auxiliary verbs. . . . [T]here is nothing linguistically wrong with it; in fact, aint is used by many speakers in certain fixed expressions and to convey a certain rhetorical effect: It aint over yet! You aint seen nothing yet! If it aint broke, dont fix it.(Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Wadsworth, 2010 Prissy, Ridiculous, and Unpopular Alternatives to Aint I?As linguistic scholars have frequently pointed out, it is unfortunate that aint I? is unpopular in educated speech, for the phrase fills a long-felt need. Am I not? is too prissy for down-to-earth people; amnt I? is ridiculous; and arent I?, though popular in England, has never really caught on in America. With a sentence like the one under discussion [Im your best friend, aint I?] you are practically in a linguistic trapthere is no way out unless you are willing to choose between appearing illiterate, sounding prissy, or feeling ridiculous.(Norman Lewis, Word Power Made Easy. Simon Schuster, 1979) Class ActsA correlation exists between the use of aint and social class, i.e. it is more frequent in lower-class speech. In upper-class speech it is indicative of a personal relationship and an informal situation . . . and is employed when the other person knows that the speaker is using aint for stylistic effect, rather than from ignorance or lack of education (Feagin 1979: 217). Since the form is such a strong school-induced shibboleth, informants tend to suppress it in (more formal) interview situations.(Traute Ewers, The Origin of American Black English: Be-Forms in the Hoodoo Texts. Walter de Gruyter, 1995) Gender ActsThere is still in the American popular mind a notion that aint, for all its faults, is masculine, while arent is not simply feminine, but effeminate. In Thomas Bergers novel The Feud (1983), Tony, a high school student, finds that good grammar must take a back seat to his public sexual identity. Tony defends his use of the masculine aint against his girlfriend Eva s objection that it is a sign of ignorance: I dont like to talk like a girl. Somebody might think I was a pansy.(Dennis E. Baron, Grammar and Gender. Yale University Press, 1986) And that aint all. But for now well have to agree with the editors of The American Heritage Book of English Usage: Aint is a word that aint had it easy.

DAVID POOL Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

DAVID POOL - Research Paper Example Dave Pool’s war tactics and strategies are best revealed during the Lawrence raid in 1863. Similarly, he undertook remarkable operations in March 1865 with Arch Clement, Jim Anderson and 144 other men in Sherman, Texas. It has been identified that Dave Pool joined Quantrill in July 1862 â€Å"after his uncle, Archibald Poole, was killed and his home sacked by jayhawkers and another member of his family shot† (Captain Francis Marion Pool 1837 – 1899). There are many who hold that Dave Pool is named after the famous Revolutionary War guerrilla, Francis Marion who was also known as the Swamp Fox. The role of the Quantrill Army was no less significant in the American Civil War that they exerted tremendous influence in determining the present status of America. That is why historians regard the Knights of the Golden Circle, or Quantrills Guerrillas or Quantrills Raiders as the most prominent group that helped the confederates. The Missouri-based band was formed in December 1861 by William Clark Quantrill and originally consisted of only ten men who were determined to right the wrongs done to Missourians by Union occupational soldiers (Longley & Eby, 2010). Kansas Jayhawkers and the Red Legs who have widespread in Missouri were their prime enemies. When the Civil War broke out the Quantrill guerrillas could attract many youngsters to their army and in a way they could act as the official arm of the Confederate Army after May 1862, when the Confederate Congress approved the Partisan Ranger Act (Longley & Eby, 2010). Some of the important leaders of Quantrills Guerrillas included William C. â€Å"Bloody Bill† Anderson, David Pool, William Gregg, and George Todd. Quantrill Army was the group of Confederate guerrilla fighters during the American Civil War. William Quantrill has often been referred to as the leader of the army who exhibited audacious nature from the very young age itself.

Visiting the museums Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visiting the museums - Research Proposal Example Paintings and sculptures are some of the fascinating views found in the museum. All these together with creative drawings and paintings add up to more than 20, 000 collections of creative works. There are six exhibitions that are permanent in the National Portrait Gallery. It also contains sculptures and drawings of past American presidents. America’s history about the origin of Americans is presented by informed workers in the gallery. The available exhibitions normally feature the prominent people who excelled in entertainment and sports in the 20th century. The Smithsonian American Art Museum holds a large variety of American art. It is most likely the largest collection of American art globally. So many artworks dated from the seventeenth century are present in this museum. The largely inclusive visual arts in the museum present a variety of exhibits of the American history. Visitors are presented with gifts, reading materials and graphics in the stores of the museum. Most of the catalogues and books are on American art. There are millions of artistic objects associated with America’s history. It is hard for a visitor to go through all of these in one day. There are staffs who guide visitors through the museum as well as activities in which they participate in order to facilitate their learning. The museum is situated in the National Mall. This is found between the Capitol Building and the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum. It is usually open from September to June. In the museum visitors learn much about American Indian culture. The museum staffs are experienced people who took me and other visitors all over the exhibitions explaining in detail and answering questions from their audience. They offer guided tours depending on the interests of the visitors. The staffs are American Indian professionals whose experience is evident from the

Strategies for Confessions and Interrogations

Strategies for Confessions and Interrogations Interrogation refers to a method of questioning that is usually used by investigating officers such as police, detectives, or military to obtain information from a suspect (Michael, 2007). Interrogation is a process that is allowed in law as defined by the constitution, but not all forms of interrogation are legal or even ethical from a moral point of view. In United States for instance the form in which interrogation must be undertaken in order to obtain a confession from a suspect are governed by the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Michael, 2007). The techniques of carrying out interrogation are not strictly defined by law but guidelines exist that define the limits by which procedures of interrogations must be done. Indeed the type of interrogations that exists and the form it can take are as varied as they are unethical. Generally interrogation techniques can be described in two ways, those that are legal and the ones that are carried out using illegal methods (Michael, 2007). Legal interrogations are defined by each countries law on the subject. However illegal interrogations are not specifically defined per se, but only categorized due to their nature, depth and breadth. The shapes in which illegal interrogation can take are many and cannot be exhaustively defined or even accounted. They are the most common types of interrogation that are usually subjected to suspects regardless of the countries legislation pertaining to the subject, including United States which is seen as the model of constitutional law. These forms of illegal interrogation are generally referred as torture (Michael, 2007). This is because they almost always involve inflicting of physical pain or deprivation of a vital necessity that directly contribute to normal body function such as sleep deprivation, alternating temperatures. However interrogation is not only limited to suspects but is also commonly done to witnesses and crime victims as well. Let us briefly analyze the nature of interrogations most commonly used both legal and illegal. In order to ascertain the level of significance of truth that exists for a person writing a confession under these circumstances. Legally there are four forms of interrogations that are routinely applied by law enforcement worldwide. One technique is use of suggestive words or statements that imply through conversation a notion of promise or threat to the person being interrogated (Kassin, Appleby and Perillo, 2010).. An interrogator therefore suggests to the suspect in no conditional or uncertain terms the possibility of the suspect being given lenient sentence if they were to cooperate. Or makes known availability of discriminating evidence that a witness to the crime has already recorded. This technique is also sometimes referred as deception since most of the time it involves downright lies (Kassin et al, 2010). Whichever the approach that an interrogator will choose it will have an impact to the suspect confessing to the crime. This is because under the circumstances of interrogation his rights will have been compromised. This method is not in any way defined as illegal in many countries, including United States. Another method of interrogations used is Suggestibility. It is built no two important assumptions, that the suspect will believe and accept the implied statements and two that they will act by confessing (Kassin et al, 2010). This method usually involves techniques such as sleep deprivation and sometimes use of drugs that inhibit the ability of mental functions to resist or think logically. The techniques used in this method seem to border on torture and are allowed in some countries as interrogation method. Another method is Goodcop/Badcop (Kassin et al, 2010). A technique used by an investigator that strives to alienate the suspect with the particular detective. The bad cop undertaking the interrogation intentionally exhibiting rough methods such as manhandling. Consequently, the idea is to make a suspect hate the cop and in the process be able to cultivate another relationship with another investigator brought in intermittently and who projects empathy, understanding and consolation. This is a notion that most researchers believe is part of the criminology theory. It elaborates on the main cause of crime, although this shall not be considered in depth. Finally there is the Reid technique, an interrogation process that focuses on a suspect body language to analyze the behavior of the suspect in order to tell if they are lying (Kassin et al, 2010). It is a technique that requires an investigator to have specific interrogation skills and high level of knowledge in behavior analysis. It is usually used by senior detective who have conducted numerous interrogation procedures. Body language analysis is an art that is taught to all FBI officers, that they apply in routine investigation tasks as Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). It is a legal form of interrogation allowed by almost every other country but it is not without it criticism. This criticism pertains to the conduct of the parties involved in the deed. Another method that is very much related to this is one that applies polygraph tests to suspects in order to tell if they are lying. Polygraph is a scientific device that analyzes brain structure activity and heart beat levels to ascertain the truthfulness of answers to statements (Kassin et al, 2010). The other forms of interrogations are the ones whose confessions are not admissible in court and usually involve torture. United Conventions Against Torture defines this type of interrogations as torture (Michael, 2007). But torture is not used to define illegal interrogation alone. It defines torture as ..any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental. Is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him, or a third person, information or a confession? It goes on to define torture as acts such as punishments without necessarily intention for information or confession (Michael, 2007). It also defines and includes discrimination and coercion as torture. This form of interrogation and torture in general is illegal according to the International Law. The Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions have ratified torture to be illegal even when directed to prisoners of war (Michael, 2007). UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights prohibits use of any form of interrogation which it considers to be Human Right Violations. The forms that illegal interrogations can take are many and sometimes the techniques themselves cannot be clearly explained to belong to one category or another. What is clear though is that interrogations in whichever form are an effective form of obtaining confessions, and certainly one of the methods that contributes to the success of criminal convictions in courtrooms. The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution, states..No person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself (Michael, 2007), a clear reference to a confession. And if such evidence was presented in a court of law then the law is required to view it with suspect and observe discretion (Michael, 2007). Indeed the regulatory mechanisms that have been put in place to guard against coerced confession are numerous and are informs of legislative laws and court rulings. United States for instance provides that Miranda warnings be read to a suspect at the time of arrest (Inbau, 2008). The Miranda statement serves to make the suspect aware of their right under the circumstances. All this procedure indeed proves that the nature of confessions given by suspects through all forms of interrogations in general is usually highly doubtful. But since confession is a product of the interrogation procedure, the method of the interrogation is a huge determinant to the nature of confession that a suspect is likely to make (Inbau, 2008). For instance interrogation through torture can be said to be effective in one way. Since a suspect is more likely to divulge valuable information at times of unbearable physical pain than it is possible for them under any other circumstance. Sometimes the notion of threat is alone can achieve this. What is important to note in this case is that this method is probably only effective when the goal is information and not a confession. On the other hand using torture to obtain a confession cannot be said to present a high probability of the confession statement being truthful. For the simple reason that a person under dire physical pain or strived of vital physical necessities would almost do anything that would ease the pain at all cost. The priority in that case is to deal with the present condition regardless of the consequences associated with the confession. Perhaps the reason why most law enforcement agencies worldwide resorts to torture interrogation mostly when what they is require is information (Inbau, 2008). Torture is against human rights. Although in certain cases, torture will be recommended and opposed to other forms of interrogation. Torture should only be used when information that is critical to saving lives is required from a terrorism suspect. The torture employed should be a matter of personal preference until the suspect surrenders the pertinent information. However the likely hood of obtaining a truthful confession is seen to be high when legal interrogations procedures are used which plays on the suspects fear such as deny of freedom. And which also uses the components of promises, threats and deception appropriately. These are interrogation techniques allowed and the confession obtained is admissible in a court of law. However the interrogator should only be in pursuit for the truth since false confessions cannot be upheld by a court of law. Ultimately the nature of a confession that is obtained whether truthful or not through interrogation method does not matter so much. Since it is provided by law that confessions can be retracted at any point by the suspects if they just so much like mention their confession was not obtained in proper method. In any case conviction of a suspect does not so much depend on the confession by itself but is based on the outcome of a full trial. Hence I would say interrogation certainly results in truthful confessions, but it depends with the independent variable which is the nature of interrogation. Therefore interrogation method can be said to be the independent variable and the truthfulness of the confession as the dependent variable, since it outcomes is influenced by the method of interrogation. The ethical implications posed by the interrogation methods that are used are one that depends on the definition of ethics, since ethics is a relative term. If the saying that the end justifies the means were to hold true then indeed ethics must be found their place in the issues that surround interrogation. Ethics are defined as value, belief, principle and convictions that a groups of people hold to be noble in their life and which they strive to practice in their everyday life. It is the highest moral perception and ideals that a community works to promote and which they have desire to be associated with the larger community. Interrogation by itself is in no way an ethical process and the attempt to introduce ethics in interrogation methods would perhaps require that the purpose of interrogation be redefined. In interrogation a suspect is meant to divulge information that is usually self incriminating so to speak, through confessing probably to crimes committed. Interrogation aids in the preservation of human rights. Indeed, all suspects have equal rights as those who are free and have not been arrested. Hence, using this method ensures that the criminal justice agents do not go against the human rights as required by international law. Therefore, the suspects are required to be truthful and perhaps remorseful as well. In doing so an interrogator is supposed to achieve this according to defined ethical procedures that have been put in place. But ethics have no place in interrogation and one is therefore forced to choose between the two whether to choose undertaking the interrogation process using certain ethics that would probably not yield any confession. Or whether to use every technique in order to obtain the end results which is the confession. If ethics in interrogation existed then they would certainly not be found in coercion. Because coercion involves use of methods on a suspect that are meant to pressurize and presents a level of discomfort and lack of peace mentally that make a suspect yield to the demands of the interrogator. They involve such methods as bullying, harassment, physical force, intimidation including cruelty. It is certainly among the most degrading interrogation methods which are in no way ethical or humane. Therefore, interrogation is an effective method that is aimed at ensuring that the suspects release pertinent information. Although this has its own challenges, it should be the first method that the criminal agencies should employ. If this fails, then they should seek alternative methods which are normally more thorough and involve the use of force or inflicting pain. References Inbau, E. (2008). Law and Police Practice: Restrictions in the Law of Interrogation and Confessions. Criminal Law and Criminology. 89, 87-98. Kassin L. (2009). The Psychology of Confessions. Annual Review of Law and Social Science. 45, 22-35. Kassin, Appleby, Perillo (2010). Interviewing Suspects: Practice, Science, and Future Directions. Legal and Criminological Psychology. 67, 47-60. Michael, J., G. (2007). U.N. Convention Against Torture (CAT): Overview and Application to Interrogation Technique. Washington, DC: McGraw Hill Publishers.

Narrative Essay (Life is Full of Mistakes)

It was a bright, cloudless sunny Thursday afternoon around 2pm; my mother and I decided to go grocery shopping. As she drove through the driveway, she saw a DHL delivery package dropped in front of the house dated third of March, 1988. When opening the package, an urgent warning letter was address to her from my elementary school Principal. Immediately, she opened the letter and read through it, her eyes turn red and started shouting on me! Saying; why don't you concentrate on your study? Instantly, I started crying so heavily. All of a sudden, she calm down and looked at me with complete love and said; â€Å"This is just a warning letter.†Then, assure me that she will be there for me in terms of helping me with my studies and daily homework. In addition, she explains that one must never give up and to keep trying. In fact, the mistake I made was not concentrating on my education, which led to a warning letter from the school Principal that I would not be allowed to return for my last year of elementary school because I had not maintained 5 passed subjects. As a matter of fact, not going to school regularly, not doing my homework, and not doing some extra reading at home had caused the letter sent to my parents.This mistake got me in trouble with my mother. First, I felt relieved with the words of encouragement I heard from my mother and thought about what to do to bring my grades up. Quickly, I determined to study so hard in order not to receive the final warning letter from the Children's House School principal. All of a sudden, my best friend came into my house and decided to help me out with some of my homework after seeing the letter. We read together that very day, he showed me the simplest way of getting sums done. Also, told me that he will take me to some of the jet academic competitions to get more knowledge and skills.On getting to the jet competition, I saw a lot of students from different schools taking part in the competition. Additionally, what surprised me at the competition is that the first mathematics question thrown to my friend at the event was the same one we both solve together, and he gave a correct answer when working it out without wasting much time. At the end of the competition, I learn different kind of tactics on how to keep up to date academic status from the students and this really busted my self-determination that I can make it as well.Second, In order to bring my grades up I had to attend school regularly and pay more attention in class. In fact, I was missing school because I lacked the interest and this affected my progress in all my classes especially mathematics and biology. These subject teachers did not want any of their students to miss more than five days in a lesson. If we do, we would lose fifty points, which joined to our advisory grade. As a matter of fact, I had missed ten days and I lost my hundred points. Additionally, these teachers normally talked to me and stated, â€Å"You are one of my favorite students.†They loved the level of my participation when I was in a class, but I had to come to school more because I was constantly taking the tests late. After they spoke to me, I began to start attending school more for a perfect attendance. In fact, I realized that not only was I hurting myself but also hurting my teachers as well. They both saw so much potential in me. Third, another problem is that I do not always do my home-work after school. Every day after school, I would hang out with my friends at the school playing field. In fact, I was not thinking about my importance, I was only thinking about having pleasant.Eventually my mom put her foot down and demanded that I must return straight home after the closing school hour to do my home-work, and she stated that when I got home from school, I felt so tired that I would not be able do any of my home-work. In addition, she continued that coming straight home from school instead of hanging out could im prove progress in a class. As a matter of fact, elementary science and mathematics subjects need much extra practice after school hour. Moreover, I was taking elementary science and mathematics, and I failed them twice.These classes involved a lot of reading and solving, and I did not spend much time practicing for these classes, as I should have. In fact, I dropped out of these classes because my final score was low; I knew that I could not handle these classes. Therefore, looking on how to improve my grades, I realize that am a strong person. As a matter of fact, I was not used to having a good grade, but I did not act as if it was the end of the world. Then, I simply changed so much in my studying habits and the school attendance. In fact, I determined not to have a grade below 5 pass subjects again.Lastly, I made it to the next class level with the help of my friend, class teachers, and my parents. Furthermore, I am doing my best not to receive the grades I had for the first ter m of my junior year. In fact, I had learned from my mistakes and I did fix them. During the second term of my junior year, I had struggled a lot and my intention is to passed 5 subjects or above and I did. In conclusion, now I felt so happy that my academic learning skills have improved than before and the experience I had from the jet academic competition changed my life.Additionally, my mother ideas of monitoring my class-work progress and congratulating me on my small successes in daily tests regularly really motivate me to do better and give me more confident of passing any upcoming class-work, test, and exam. Then, I maintained the status of competency up to the secondary school and to the college level. What I realized about reading, going to school regularly, and doing my homework is that it makes me stronger and improved the level of my Intellectual thinking skills.

Outline and evaluate behavioural therapies to treat mental disorders Essay

Because of the nature of the behavioural model which measure specific behaviours in precise terms such as how many times a negative behaviour is performed, improvements can be accurately measured. Which in turn means therapies effectiveness can also be measured. The classical conditioning therapies have been proved to be effective by Wolpe who found an 80-90% success rate with these therapies. Barlow and Lehmen also found a success rate of 77% following treatment. However medication can interfere with systematic desensitization because medication suppresses anxiety. Operant conditioning is also based on scientific principals proven to be effective by Azrin who examined female patients in a mental hospital who were incapable of doing everyday tasks. Using token economies, positive behaviour in these women increased. However studies looking at children and students by Lepper and Deci also found that rewarding intrinsic interests actually reduces behaviour. A strength of the classical conditioning therapies is that the patients have a high level of control. In token economies however patients have very little control over their therapies. This raises ethical issues as informed consent is not achieved for token economies, instead they are enforced with or without the patients consent. Token economies are also open to abuse and can be deemed as a form of social control. Classical conditioning therapies also raise ethical issues in terms of putting their patients at risk of emotional harm. Other problems with classical conditioning therapies include the fact that some patients may not have a vivid enough imagination for flooding, and social desensitization may be difficult to arrange and control, whereas token economies are practical as they can be done anywhere. A problem with token economies though, is that changes are due to external rewards and not an innate desire to change and so if the rewards are removed the positive behaviour may cease. Finally debate will also continue whether the treatments provided by the behavioural model only treat the symptoms and not the causes, and if only the symptoms are treated, does it matter?